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Q. WERE YOU THEN INTERNED?
A. Yes, I was sent to a succession of camps in France. Though conditions were bad — hunger, typhoid — I always tried to know what was going on. I always tried to get a hold of newspapers, which was very difficult.
After many months, the Vichy French moved those internees with the possibility to emigrate to a special camp near Marseilles. We were allowed to visit consulates in the city. I spent much time at the American consulate, pleading for a renewal of my now-expired visa.
That came through right before my 18th birthday. So 10 days before I turned 18, I crossed into Spain. From there I went to Lisbon and eventually Chicago, where my father was. If my visa had taken any longer, I wouldn¡¯t be here today because Franco had barred males over 18 from transiting through Spain; I would have ended up in Auschwitz, like most of the people I left behind.